ESS-PHD - Earth System Science (PhD)
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Program Overview
The objectives of the doctoral program are to enable students to develop the skills needed to conduct original investigations in environmental and earth system sciences, to interpret the results, and to present the data and conclusions in a publishable manner. We also intend for our graduates to obtain strong communication and leadership skills, with the ability to teach and communicate effectively with the public.
Admissions Information
For admission to graduate work in the department, completing the Aptitude Test (verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing assessment) of the Graduate Record Examination is optional. In keeping with university policy, applicants whose first language is not English must submit TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) scores from a test taken within the last 18 months. Individuals who have completed a BS or two-year MS program in the U.S. or other English-speaking countries are not required to submit TOEFL scores.
Minimum Units in the Program
Minimum University Units
Required courses must be taken for a letter grade if offered
PhD students registered for ten units must pass at least six units per quarter. Students must maintain at least a 3.0-grade point average
PhD students must complete a minimum of four graduate-level, letter-grade courses of at least three units each from four different faculty members
By the end of the spring quarter of their first year in residence, students must complete at least three graduate-level courses taught by a minimum of two ESS faculty members
Students are required to take three 2-unit courses during the first year
Students must take one class from each of the following three areas within the first or second year
Each year, the department evaluates students to assess progress to a degree, identify areas of strength, provide helpful resources, and note potential issues or areas of concern. This annual review includes a record of accomplishments presented by the student, written evaluations by the faculty advisor of the student’s progress, and (after the first year) committee feedback on the academic and research progress of the student. The student should have no ‘I’ grades in core courses, maintain a 3.0 grade-point average, and show evidence of productive and sustained research progress with no conflict of interest or commitment.
Possible outcomes of the annual review include:
Continuation of the student in good standing
Placing the student on probation, with specific written guidelines of the probation period and the necessary steps for reinstatement to good standing.
Annual reviews are required for all PhD students, including first-year PhD students. In the first year, the annual assessment is conducted between the student and the PhD advisor(s) (before forming a doctoral committee). After the first year, the annual review must be conducted between the student and the student’s doctoral committee. In the unusual case where second-year PhD students have obtained approval for a delay in the qualifying exam, this annual review meeting should include a closed committee session.
The student and advisor must complete and sign the written annual review form in all years. In the year students are undertaking their candidacy exam (research qualifying exam), that exam serves as the annual review. In addition, any student who has scheduled the dissertation defense and petitioned to graduate in Axess may elect not to hold an additional yearly review meeting.
As a program requirement, advanced degree candidates in ESS complete TA-appointed quarters at a minimum of two for PhD students, to be completed over the course of study. In addition, additional TA quarters may be considered and/or required in consultation with the research advisor, depending on academic goals, funding availability, or the requirements of individual doctoral programs.
Admission to candidacy for the doctoral degree is a judgment by the faculty in the department or school of the student’s potential to successfully complete a Ph.D. It occurs when a student passes a qualifying exam. University policy is that admission to candidacy must normally occur by the end of the second year in the PhD program. Requests for extensions on this timeline must be provided in writing and approved by both the advisor and the Director of Graduate Students. They cannot be supported without sufficient cause (e.g., advisor on sabbatical). Scheduling constraints are generally not considered adequate cause.
The qualifying process consists of two components
Evaluation of a written document containing a proposal for the student’s PhD research
An oral examination
The first component, the research proposal, is a document whose text is up to – but no more than – 10 single-spaced pages in length (inclusive of figures, but exclusive of references, minimum 11 point font). It cannot include any supplementary text or appendices. The research proposal must concisely review the background literature and discuss the proposed problem, its importance, and the methods to be applied to the problem. The proposal must be well thought out, carefully written and edited, and finished with appropriate references and illustrations. It must be sent to the committee in final form at least two weeks before the date of the oral examination, and it must be reviewed by the advisor before being sent to the committee. Note that proposals that are longer than the maximum length can be sent back to the student for revision.
The second component, the qualifying examination, is a wide-ranging examination of the feasibility of the proposed research and the student’s preparedness to complete it. It starts with a presentation of no longer than 30 minutes, followed by a question and answer period, with questions from all committee members. These questions can cover the proposed research, the subfield in which it falls, and topics in which you should be proficient to conduct the research. The qualifying examination must be scheduled for at least 2.5 hours and for no more than 3 hours, although it may end earlier than the scheduled time. A 3 hour scheduling block is ideal, but this can be shortened to 2.5 hours in case of scheduling difficulties.
These two components (the written document and the qualifying examination) are judged by the student’s Examining Committee. The committee, including your faculty advisor or advisors, must consist of at least 4 and no more than 5 members, at least 3 of whom are academic council members at Stanford, and at least 2 of whom are appointed as faculty in the Department of Earth System Science. The committee must have a designated chair who is on the Academic Council, but who is not the student's dissertation research advisor(s). The chair’s Stanford appointment can be in either the Department of Earth System Science or a different Stanford department. The Examining Committee is typically, but not necessarily, the same as the university reading committee that evaluates the doctoral work. The outcome of the exam may be a ‘pass’, a ‘conditional pass’, a ‘retake’, or a ‘fail’. In the case of a conditional pass, a range of possible conditions can be imposed by the committee. In the case of a ‘retake’, the student is required to retake the exam in the next quarter (or if the exam is held in the spring quarter, this can be two quarters later). A student who received a ‘fail’ cannot continue in the program. However, if a student who failed the qualifying exam feels that the qualifying exam was performed in an unfair or inequitable manner, they may appeal to the department chair or Director of Graduate Studies (DGS) to request a new examination. Policies governing such appeals are described in the department handbook.
When evaluating the exam, the committee will assess the student's preparedness for completing the PhD along multiple axes:
Ability to synthesize existing literature and articulate both knowledge gaps and important outstanding questions.
Ability to communicate advanced topics clearly in writing and through verbal/visual displays.
Critical reasoning
Domain expertise
Feasibility of the proposed research and the student’s ability to conduct it
The doctoral dissertation is defended in the university oral examination. The department appoints the research advisor and two other research committee members to be readers of the draft dissertation. The readers are charged to read the draft and to certify in writing to the department that it is adequate to serve as a basis for the university oral examination. The student can schedule the university oral examination upon obtaining this written certification.
Under the supervision of the research advisory committee, the candidate must prepare a doctoral dissertation that is a contribution to knowledge and is the result of independent research; a curriculum must also be developed with the supervision of the committee, which should be designed to provide a rigorous foundation for the research area. The format of the dissertation must meet university guidelines. The student is urged to prepare dissertation chapters that, in scientific content and format, are readily publishable.